Psychology of friendship WPS-PS-PP

https://teams.cloud.microsoft/l/team/19%3AjxIWpCRAubZHB5VOvW6tScXYnPAPU3BZHbie-EJX1yM1%40thread.tacv2/conversations?groupId=98084aaf-d339-4459-9dfb-726bd7c51a55&tenantId=12578430-c51b-4816-8163-c7281035b9b3 (term 2026/27_Z)

The lecture is an introduction to the study prepared by Anna Olejniczak and Justyna Iskra (2016) on the experience of friendship from the perspective of men and women. The presented research focused on understanding the essence and trying to understand the specificity of this phenomenon. The differences between sexes in the group of adults were also approximated. An important part of the lecture is the presentation of the original method "Friendship Questionnaire", which was developed by Justyna Iskra and Waldemar Klinkosz (2019). Participants will have the opportunity to evaluate themselves or those who are close friends in several aspects (scales) of friendship. Qualitative Personalistic Analysis developed by Zenon Uchnast (2013) made it possible to learn and understand the individual way of experiencing friendship by each of the research participants.

The conviction that there is a friendship between a man and a woman among Poles is very strong. They were expressed by as many as 88% of women and 80% of men participating in the research (Olejniczk and Iskra, 2016). A friend's confidence and willingness to support seem to be the most important value of this relationship ("profit"). On the other hand, the value of friendship is the time and commitment to the friend ("at the cost"). Friendship is about meeting basic mental needs. They include: the ability to listen actively, being together in difficult times, help and support, i.e. affirmation, empathy and a sense of security. The friendship relationship will make a person safe, "not lonely" and confident that he begins to talk openly about his difficulties and experiences, because opening up to a friend allows you to "spread" the burden of the psyche, life into two people, instead of carrying it yourself. In the relationship of friendship, the sphere of language and emotions differs women from men. A characteristic feature of the friendship of adults, regardless of the gender of the participants of the interaction, is highly developed empathy, a sense of responsibility and the ability to objectively assess a friend from the perspective of the past, as well as the ability to honestly communicate also difficult matters, expressing clear assessments and critical comments respecting the rights and the dignity of the other person. An important aspect of building interpersonal relationships is that friendship matures as the people who create it gain experience. Thus, in adulthood, friendships are more authentic than in earlier developmental periods and much more durable. This is due to the already formed sense of identity, honesty, readiness to reveal the true "I" and also a high level of self-knowledge (self-knowledge).

Getting to know your friend's separate point of view on specific issues and difficult matters helps to enrich yourself, your own coping strategies, especially in crisis situations. Friendship teaches empathy and respect for the separateness of another person, but requires an open mind and a sensitive heart to the needs of other people, especially the closest person, i.e. a friend. Research allows us to see a great variety in terms of individual perception, definition and definition of friendship, because friendship is a very individual, subjective, personal and often intimate experience and therefore it is very difficult to describe events that show its essence. As Olejniczak and Iskra (2016, pp. 165-166) write, Friendship can be compared to psychotherapy with the difference that a friend is a therapist combining the methods of different schools. Sometimes it allows a person to express their feelings and experiences freely. At other times, she feels with him, accepting the other person unconditionally. It also has the ability to refute false beliefs or mobilize to act in order to overcome difficulties. The most important thing, however, is that he is always there to help, because a friend does not declare help, but helps. He does not declare support, but supports. He doesn't promise understanding, but he understands. He does not promise sacrifice, but sacrifices himself. He does not avoid difficult conversations, but he does talk. He does not avoid emotions but reveals them. A friend is there, although you don't have to ask for it. He is silent when words are unnecessary. He shares joys and sorrows empathetically, understanding. It does not appropriate someone else's life, but affirms it. A friend is a gift that makes our life better, more meaningful and fuller. "A friend is for us when we need him, and it enables us to open up, which means taking off the mask we put on when we go out into the world" [Wosińska, 2004, p. 367].

(in Polish) Dyscyplina naukowa, do której odnoszą się efekty uczenia się

psychology

(in Polish) Grupa przedmiotów ogólnouczenianych

(in Polish) nie dotyczy

Course coordinators

Waldemar Klinkosz

(in Polish) Opis nakładu pracy studenta w ECTS

(in Polish) Punkty przedmiotu w cyklach: Liczba 1. 1 ECTS odpowiada nakładowi 25—30h pracy studenta, zgodnie z programem studiów oraz pracą własną.

Subject level

intermediate

(in Polish) Punkty ECTS

(in Polish) 1 punkt - 1 ECTS odpowiada nakładowi 25—30 godzin pracy studenta, zgodnie z programem studiów oraz pracą własną.

Learning outcome code/codes

PS_W02; PS_W03; PS_W08; PS_U13; PS_K03; PS_K07

Type of subject

optional with unlimited choices

Preliminary Requirements

No.

Learning outcomes

Knowledge:
1) has knowledge of friendship (SD_PS_W02).
2) characterizes new concepts of a friendly relationship (SD_PS_W02).
3) explains the importance of a friendly relationship in human functioning (SD_PS_W02).
4) has knowledge of a friendly relationship (SD_PS_W03).
5) knows the basic relationships between friendship relations and other psychological theories (SD_PS_W03).

Skills:
1) is able to conduct a study of a friendly relationship (P8S_WG).
2) can effectively use their knowledge to prepare a profile of a friendly relationship (P8S_WG).
3) can prepare a friendly relationship training (P8S_WK).
4) has the ability to create his own, individual work technique in order to raise his own competence for building a friendship relationship (P8S_WK).

Competences (attitudes):
1) independently and critically update their consulting skills in terms of building a friendly relationship (SD_PS_K04).
2) is aware of the responsibility for the diagnosis of a friendly relationship: profile and typological (SD_PS_K03).
3) respects and respects the diversity of the intensity of friendship relationships in different people, respectfully provides appropriate support for personal development (SD_PS_K03).

Assessment criteria

Active participation in the lecture. Credit includes preparation of a written diagnosis of an individual friendship relationship based on the content presented during the lecture, provided that half of the class is attended.p.

Practical placement

Professional practice in conducting research and preparing psychological diagnoses based on a qualitative analysis of a friend relationship.

Bibliography

Basic literature:
Klinkosz, W., Iskra, J. (2025). Przyjaźń w czasach sztucznej inteligencji. Jak ją rozumieć i badać. Wydawnictwo Difin.
Uchnast, Z. (2013). Psychologiczna jakościowa analiza zdarzeń życiowych osoby ludzkiej: podstawowe założenia podejścia personalistycznego. [W:] J. Iskra, M. Artymiak (red.). Doświadczenia człowieka. (s. 11–26). Petrus.
Olejniczak, A. (2012). Ankieta o Przyjaźni. [Msp.]. Katedra Psychologii Ogólnej KUL.
Olejniczak, A., Iskra, J. (2016). Przyjaźń w doświadczeniach kobiet i mężczyzn. Difin S.A.
Iskra, J., Klinkosz, W. (2020). Kwestionariusz Przyjaźni. [Msp.]. Katedra Psychologii Ogólnej KUL.
Szarota, P. (2014). Przyjaźń pod mikroskopem. Problemy metodologiczne w badaniach nad funkcjonowaniem relacji przyjacielskich. Psychologia Społeczna, 1, 28–36.

Supplementary literature:
Adams, R.G., Allan, G. (1998). Placing friendship in context. Cambridge University Press.
Adelman, M.B., Parks, M.R., Albrecht, T.L. (2007). Natura przyjaźni i jej rozwój. [W:] J. Stewart (red), Mosty zamiast murów. O komunikowaniu się między ludźmi (s. 360–367). PWN.
Albisetti, V. (1999). Być przyjacielem czy mieć przyjaciela? Sposób na poznanie siebie samego i innych. Jedność.
Argyle, M. (2001). Psychologia stosunków międzyludzkich. PWN.
Aronson, E. (2011). Człowiek istota społeczna. PWN.
Artymiak, M. (2010). Pomiędzy mężczyzną a kobietą. Sztuka porozumiewania się. Petrus.
Bajkowski, T. (2010). Kobiecość i męskość w percepcji młodzieży akademickiej. Wydawnictwo Akademickie Żak.
Bank, B.J., Hansford, S.L. (2000). Gender and friendship. Why are men`s best same-sex friendships less intimate and supportive? Personal Relationships, 7, 63–78.
Bem, S.L. (2000). Męskość kobiecość. O różnicach wynikających z płci. GWP.
Bieńko, M. (2001). Przyjaźń małżeńska. Studium doświadczeń życiowych warszawskich inteligentów. Wydawnictwo Akademickie Żak.
Bleiszner, R., Adams, R. (1998). Adult friendship. Sage.
Bleske-Rechek, A.L., Buss, D.M. (2000). Can men and women be just friends? Personal Relationships, 7, 131–135.
Boski, P. (2009). Kulturowe ramy zachowań społecznych. Podręcznik psychologii międzykulturowej. PWN.
Brestin, D. (2009). Kobieca przyjaźń – prawda czy mit. Wydawnictwo Polskiej Prowincji Dominikanów W drodze.
Brzezińska, A., Dąbrowska, J., Pełkowska, M., Staszczak, J. (2002). Płeć psychologiczna jako czynnik ryzyka zaburzeń zachowania u młodzieży w drugiej fazie adolescencji, Czasopismo Psychologiczne, 1, 75–85.
Buss, D.M. (2001). Psychologia ewolucyjna. GWP.
Buss, D.M. (2007). Ewolucja pożądania. GWP.
Carr, A. (2009). Psychologia pozytywna. Nauka o szczęściu i kochaniu siebie. Zysk i S-ka.
Chapian, M. (1993). Bliski przyjaciel. Jak budować trwałą i głęboką przyjaźń. Wydawnictwo Pojednanie.
Chiaia, M., Incampo, F. (red.). (2008). Historie wielkich duchowych przyjaźni. Wydawnictwo OO. Franciszkanów.
Davis, K.E., Todd, M.J. (1985). Assessing friendship: Prototypes, paradigm cases and relationship description. [W:] S. Duck, D. Perlman (red.). Understanding personal relationships: An interdisciplinary approach. (s. 17–38). Sage.
Degges-White, S., Borzumato-Gainey, Ch. (2012). Przyjaciółki na zawsze. Jan nawiązywać i dbać o dobre relacje. Świat Książki.
Duck, S. (2007). Nasi przyjaciel, my sami. [W:] J. Stewart (red), Mosty zamiast murów.O komunikowaniu się między ludźmi. (s. 371–383). PWN.
Dunn, J. (2008). Przyjaźnie dzieci. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.
Dwyer, D. (2005). Bliskie relacje interpersonalne. GWP.
Fehr, B. (2008). Friendship formation. [W:] S. Sprecher, A. Wenzel, J. Harvey (red.). The handbook of relationship initiation (s. 29–54). Erbaum.
Góźdź, J., Charzyńska, E. (2014). Zjawisko przyjaźni „na odległość” w okresie wczesnej dorosłości. [W:] A. Żywczok (red.). Znajomość, koleżeństwo, przyjaźń. Dynamizm ewoluowania więzi emocjonalnej (s. 272–286). Wydawnictwo Akademickie Żak.
Grabil, Ch.H., Kerns, K.A. (2000). Attachment style and intimacy in friendship. Personal Relationships, 7, 363–378.
Hays, R.B. (1998). Friendship. [W:] S. Duck (red.), Handbook of personal relationships: Theory, research and interventions (s. 391–408). Wiley.
Iskra, J., Klinkosz, W. (2011). Ona w XXI wieku, czyli jak ją widzą kobiety i mężczyźni. Badania psychologiczne. [W:] P. Bury, Z. Dziemianko (red.). Wiele twarzy kobiet – „ona” w tekstach nie tylko medycznych (s. 95–113). Instytut Naukowo-Wydawniczy MAIUSCULA.
Jankowski, K. (2002). Przyjaźń na wszelki wypadek. Charaktery, 2, 12–16.
Kenrick, D.T., Neuberg, S.L., Caldini, R.B. (2002). Psychologia społeczna. Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
Kuczyńska, A. (2002). Płeć psychologiczna idealnego i rzeczywistego partnera życiowego oraz jej wpływ na jakość realnie utworzonych związków. Przegląd Psychologiczny, 45, 3, 385–399.
Lewis, S.C. (1993). Cztery miłości. Instytut Wydawniczy PAX.
Mandal, E. (2003). Kobiecość i męskość. Popularne opinie a badania naukowe. Wydawnictwo Akademickie Żak.
McGinnis, L.A. (1998). Sztuka przyjaźni. Oficyna Wydawnicza Vocatio.
Mellibruda, J. (1986). Ja–Ty–My. Psychologiczne możliwości ulepszania kontaktów międzyludzkich. Nasza Księgarnia.
Mendelson, M.J., Aboud, F.E. (1999). Measuring friendship quality in late adolescents and young adults: McGill Friendship Questionnaires. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 2, 130–132.
Nęcek, R. (2012). Przyjaźń. Petrus.
Niebrzydowski, L., Płaszczyński, E. (1989). Przyjaźń i otwartość w stosunkach międzyludzkich. PWN.
Niebrzydowski, L. (1999). Psychologia ludzkich potrzeb, aspiracji i możliwości. Krajowa Rada Self-Esteem.
Obuchowska, I. (1996). Drogi dorastania. Wydawnictwo Szkolne i Pedagogiczne.
Obuchowski, K. (1995). Galaktyka potrzeb. Psychologia dążeń ludzkich. Zysk i S-ka.
O`Connor, P. (1992). Friendships between women. The Guilford Press.
Pogrebin, L.C. (1987). Among friends. McGrow-Hill.
Renzetti C.M., Curran D.J. (2008). Kobiety mężczyźni i społeczeństwo. PWN.
Rodek, V. (2014). Przyjaźń jako czynnik konstytuujący poczucie sensu życia współczesnej młodzieży. [W:] A. Żywczok (red.). Znajomość, koleżeństwo, przyjaźń. Dynamizm ewoluowania więzi emocjonalnej. (s. 251–271). Żak.
Szczepańska, M. (2014). Przyjaźń jako specyficzna forma więzi międzyludzkiej – ujęcie kontekstualne. [W:] A. Żywczok (red.). Znajomość, koleżeństwo, przyjaźń. Dynamizm ewoluowania więzi emocjonalnej (s. 231–250). Żak.
Szczepańska, M., Gaweł-Luty, E. (2010). Przyjaźń jako wartość w relacjach społecznych dzieci i młodzieży. Oficyna Wydawnicza Impuls.
Szmigielska, B. (2002). Nie ma sklepów z przyjaciółmi. Charaktery, 2, 20–21.
Wiśniewska, Z. (2008). Czy prawdziwych przyjaciół zawsze poznaje się w biedzie? Ocena wsparcia emocjonalnego w przyjaźni: polsko-ekwadorskie badanie porównawcze. Studia Psychologiczne, 2, 5–17.
Włudyga, D. (2001). Kiedy Harry przyjaźni się z Sally. Charaktery, 1, 33.
Wojciszke, B. (2003). Psychologia miłości: intymność, namiętność, zaangażowanie. GWP.
Wojciszke, B. (2004). Kobiety i mężczyźni: odmienne spojrzenie na różnice. GWP.
Wojciszke, B. (2009). Kobieta zmienną jest. GWP.
Wojciszke, B., Krzemionka-Brózda, D. (2002). Dla mężczyzny sercem jest świat, dla kobiety – serce światem. Charaktery, 8, 10–15.
Wosińska, W. (2004). Psychologia życia społecznego. GWP.
Zaborowski, Z. (2002). Człowiek, jego świat i życie. Żak.
Zimbardo, P.G., Ruch, F.L. (1988). Psychologia i życie. PWN.

Term 2026/27_Z:

Basic literature
Klinkosz, W., Iskra, J. (2025). Friendship in the age of artificial intelligence. How to understand and study it. Difin Publishing House.
Uchnast, Z. (2013). Psychological qualitative analysis of life events of a human person: basic assumptions of the personalistic approach. [In:] J. Iskra, M. Artymiak (ed.). Human experiences. (pp. 11–26). Krakow: Petrus.
Olejniczak, A. (2012). Friendship Survey. [Msp.]. Lublin: Department of General Psychology at the Catholic University of Lublin.
Olejniczak, A., Iskra, J. (2016). Friendship in the experiences of women and men. Warsaw: Difin S.A.
Iskra, J., Klinkosz, W. (2020). Friendship Questionnaire. [Msp.]. Lublin: Department of General Psychology at the Catholic University of Lublin.
Szarota, P. (2014). Friendship under the microscope. Methodological problems in research on the functioning of friendly relations. Social Psychology, 1, 28–36.

Supplementary literature
Adams, R.G., Allan, G. (1998). Placing friendship in context. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Adelman, M.B., Parks, M.R., Albrecht, T.L. (2007). The nature of friendship and its development. [In:] J. Stewart (ed), Mosty Instead of Walls. On communication between people (pp. 360–367). Warsaw: PWN.
Albisetti, V. (1999). To be a friend or have a friend? A way to get to know yourself and others. Kielce: Unity.
Argyle, M. (2001). Psychology of interpersonal relations. Warsaw: PWN.
Aronson, E. (2011). Man a social being. Warsaw: PWN.
Artymiak, M. (2010). Between a man and a woman. The art of communication. Krakow: Petrus.
Bajkowski, T. (2010). Femininity and masculinity in the perception of academic youth. Warsaw: Żak Academic Publishing House.
Bank, B.J., Hansford, S.L. (2000). Gender and friendship. Why are men`s best same-sex friendships less intimate and supportive? Personal Relationships, 7, 63–78.
Bem, S.L. (2000). Masculinity, femininity. About gender differences. Gdańsk: GWP.
Bieńko, M. (2001). Marital friendship. A study of the life experiences of Warsaw intellectuals. Warsaw: Żak Academic Publishing House.
Bleiszner, R., Adams, R. (1998). Adult friendship. Newbury Park: Sage.
Bleske-Rechek, A.L., Buss, D.M. (2000). Can men and women be just friends? Personal Relationships, 7, 131–135.
Boski, P. (2009). Cultural framework of social behavior. Textbook of intercultural psychology. Warsaw: PWN.
Brestin, D. (2009). Female friendship - truth or myth. Poznań: Publishing House of the Polish Dominican Province On the way.
Brzezińska, A., Dąbrowska, J., Pełkowska, M., Staszczak, J. (2002). Psychological gender as a risk factor for behavioral disorders in adolescents in the second phase of adolescence, Journal of Psychology, 1, 75–85.
Buss, D.M. (2001). Evolutionary psychology. Gdańsk: GWP.
Buss, D.M. (2007). Evolution of Desire. Gdańsk: GWP.
Carr, A. (2009). Positive psychology. Learning about happiness and loving yourself. Poznań: Zysk i S-ka.
Chapian, M. (1993). Close friend. How to build a lasting and deep friendship. Lublin: Pojednanie Publishing House.
Chiaia, M., Incampo, F. (eds.). (2008). Stories of great spiritual friendships. Krakow: OO Publishing House. Franciscans.
Davis, K.E., Todd, M.J. (1985). Assessing friendship: Prototypes, paradigm cases and relationship description. [In:] S. Duck, D. Perlman (eds.). Understanding personal relationships: An interdisciplinary approach. (pp. 17–38). London: Sage.
Degges-White, S., Borzumato-Gainey, Ch. (2012). Friends forever. Jan establish and care for good relationships. Warsaw: Świat Książki.
Duck, S. (2007). Our friend, ourselves. [In:] J. Stewart (ed), Bridges instead of walls. On communication between people. (pp. 371–383). Warsaw: PWN.
Dunn, J. (2008). Children's friendships. Krakow: Jagiellonian University Press.
Dwyer, D. (2005). Close interpersonal relationships. Gdańsk: GWP.
Fehr, B. (2008). Friendship formation. [In:] S. Sprecher, A. Wenzel, J. Harvey (eds.). The handbook of relationship initiation (pp. 29–54). Hillsdale: Erbaum.
Góźdź, J., Charzyńska, E. (2014). The phenomenon of "distance" friendship in early adulthood. [In:] A. Żywczok (ed.). Acquaintance, camaraderie, friendship. The dynamism of the evolution of the emotional bond (pp. 272–286). Warsaw: Żak Academic Publishing House.
Grabil, Ch.H., Kerns, K.A. (2000). Attachment style and intimacy in friendship. Personal Relationships, 7, 363–378.
Hays, R.B. (1998). Friendship. [In:] S. Duck (ed.), Handbook of personal relationships: Theory, research and interventions (pp. 391–408). New York: Wiley.
Iskra, J., Klinkosz, W. (2011). She in the 21st century, or how women and men see her. Psychological examination. [In:] P. Bury, Z. Dziemianko (ed.). Many faces of women - "she" in not only medical texts (pp. 95–113). Poznań: MAIUSCULA Scientific and Publishing Institute.
Jankowski, K. (2002). Friendship just in case. Charaktery, 2, 12–16.
Kenrick, D.T., Neuberg, S.L., Caldini, R.B. (2002). Social Psychology. Gdańsk: Gdańsk Psychological Publishing House.
Kuczyńska, A. (2002). Psychological gender of an ideal and real partner
life and its influence on the quality of actually created relationships. Psychological Review, 45, 3, 385–399.
Lewis, S.C. (1993). Four loves. Warsaw: PAX Publishing Institute.
Mandal, E. (2003). Femininity and Masculinity. Popular opinions and research. Warsaw: Żak Academic Publishing House.
McGinnis, L.A. (1998). The art of friendship. Warsaw: Vocatio Publishing House.
Mellibruda, J. (1986). I you we. Psychological possibilities of improving interpersonal contacts. Warsaw: Our Bookshop.
Mendelson, M.J., Aboud, F.E. (1999). Measuring friendship quality in late adolescents and young adults: McGill Friendship Questionnaires. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 2, 130–132.
Nęcek, R. (2012). Friendship. Krakow: Petrus.
Niebrzydowski, L., Płaszczyński, E. (1989). Friendship and openness in interpersonal relations. Warsaw: PWN.
Niebrzydowski, L. (1999). Psychology of human needs, aspirations and possibilities. Łódź: National Self-Esteem Council.
Obuchowska, I. (1996). Dear Growing Up. Warsaw: School and Pedagogical Publisher.
Obuchowski, K. (1995). A galaxy of needs. Psychology of human aspirations. Poznań: Zysk i S-ka.
O'Connor, P. (1992). Friendships between women. New York: The Guilford Press.
Pogrebin, L.C. (1987). Among friends. New York: McGrow-Hill.
Renzetti C.M., Curran D.J. (2008). Women, men and society. Warsaw: PWN.
Rodek, V. (2014). Friendship as a factor constituting the sense of meaning in the life of contemporary youth. [In:] A. Żywczok (ed.). Acquaintance, camaraderie, friendship. The dynamism of the evolution of the emotional bond. (pp. 251–271). Warsaw: Żak.
Szczepańska, M. (2014). Friendship as a specific form of interpersonal bond - a contextual approach. [In:] A. Żywczok (ed.). Acquaintance, camaraderie, friendship. The dynamism of the evolution of the emotional bond (pp. 231–250). Warsaw: Żak.
Szczepańska, M., Gaweł-Luty, E. (2010). Friendship as a value in social relations between children and youth. Krakow: Impuls Publishing House.
Szmigielska, B. (2002). There are no shops with friends. Charaktery, 2, 20–21.
Wiśniewska, Z. (2008). Do you always make true friends when you are poor? Assessment of emotional support in friendship: a Polish-Ecuadorian comparative study. Psychological Studies, 2, 5–17.
Włudyga, D. (2001). When Harry is friends with Sally. Characters, 1, 33.
Wojciszke, B. (2003). The psychology of love: intimacy, passion, commitment. Gdańsk: GWP.
Wojciszke, B. (2004). Women and Men: Different Views on Differences. Gdańsk: GWP.
Wojciszke, B. (2009). A woman is a variable. Gdańsk: GWP.
Wojciszke, B., Krzemionka-Brózda, D. (2002). For a man, the heart is the world, for a woman - the heart is the world. Charaktery, 8, 10–15.
Wosińska, W. (2004). Psychology of social life. Gdańsk: GWP.
Zaborowski, Z. (2002). Man, his world and life. Warsaw: Żak.
Zimbardo, P.G., Ruch, F.L. (1988). Psychology and life. Warsaw: PWN.

Notes

Term 2026/27_Z:

no comments.

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